
China Invented Paper, Printing, Gunpowder, and the Compass
China's Four Great Inventions — paper, woodblock printing, gunpowder, and the compass — transformed human civilization. Paper was invented around 105 AD by Cai Lun. Woodblock printing emerged in the 7th century. Gunpowder was discovered by Taoist alchemists in the 9th century. The magnetic compass was used for navigation by the 11th century. Together, these inventions shaped science, war, and global exploration.