Oceans Produce Over Half of Earth's Oxygen

Gastric acid in the stomach reaches a pH of 1.5 to 3.5 — acidic enough to dissolve zinc and corrode certain metals. Yet the stomach doesn't digest itself because mucus-secreting cells continuously coat the stomach wall with a protective bicarbonate-rich mucus layer. This protection is temporary: the stomach completely replaces its inner lining every 3–4 days. If this renewal failed, gastric ulcers would quickly develop, as occurs in H. pylori infections that disrupt the mucus barrier.

Every human body emits a faint glow of visible light produced by bioluminescent reactions in metabolic processes. A 2009 study by Japanese researchers using ultra-sensitive cameras confirmed that the human body glows with photon emission about 1,000 times weaker than what the naked eye can detect. The glow is strongest on the face, neck, and hands, and follows a daily cycle — brightest in the late afternoon and dimmest in the early morning.

Despite being called 'small', the small intestine is the longest section of the digestive tract, measuring 6–7 metres in adults. Its inner surface is covered with millions of finger-like projections called villi, and each villus is covered with even smaller microvilli (the 'brush border'), which together increase the total absorptive surface area to approximately 250–300 square metres — roughly the size of a tennis court. Food takes 2–6 hours to pass through.

The retina contains two types of photoreceptor cells: about 120 million rods (sensitive to light and dark) and 6–7 million cones (for colour and detail). The three types of cones respond to red, green, and blue wavelengths, and their combined signals allow the brain to distinguish an estimated 10 million distinct colours. The eye can also detect a single photon of light in total darkness — and can process approximately 36,000 bits of information per hour.